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Cheers to our "talented" literature prize awardee. Your pain his gain !!!
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EGY.COM - LANDMARKS - CAIRO - HELIOPOLIS
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Above: First British occupant of Bute House: John Stuart Marquis of Bute
below: First Egyptian occupants: Abdel Aziz Izzet Pasha and Baheya Mansour Yegen (a granddaughter of Khedive Ismail and the niece of King Fouad)
portrait photos courtesy Sheila Wyze
EARLY OWNERS OF BUTE HOUSE
Not to be confused with that other Bute House, which is today the official residence of Scotland's First Minister situated in the heart of Edinburgh, the London Bute House is named after an unpopular 18th century Scottish nobleman who was British prime minister between May 1762 and April 1763).
John Stuart (1713-92) Third Earl of Bute lived and later died at Bute House aged 79. Perhaps unpopular with the British public yet to his credit it was John Stuart who advised on the foundation of Kew Gardens.
The Bute family are direct descendants of King Robert the Bruce whose daughter Marjorie married in 1315 Walter, the then "Steward of Bute". Their son, King Robert II of Scotland, thus became the first Stuart King. The Stuart name is derived from the hereditary office of "Steward of Bute" held by the family since 1157.
Flanked by South and Deanery Streets, Bute House fronts Mayfair's posh South Audley Street. The three-story building was originally laid out in 1736 by Edward Shepheard for John St. John (afterwards Viscount St. John of Battersea). In 1748 it was leased to Lady Margaret Watson (Dowager Lady Monson) for 220 pounds per annum. When he moved into the house in 1753, the Earl of Bute became the building's third occupant. Thereafter it would be known as Bute House.
Between 1812-19 the 4th Duke of Buccleuch (also Sixth Duke of Queensberry) lived there. He was succeeded by Lewis Hughes, MP, (afterwards Lord Dinorben) during whose occupancy part of the building burnt down in 1835.
Henri Louis Bischoffsheim (1828-1908) acquired the property in 1872. An art collector and banker, Bute House's new owner was also a relation of the greatest art collector of his day, Nathan Rothschild.
With his Viennese-born wife Clarissa, a daughter of Herr Bidderman, a Hapsburg court jeweler, Bischoffsheim supervised circa 1876 the installation of the famous "Allegory of Venus and Time" fresco on the Blue Drawing Room ceiling. This exquisite Venetian work by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo was accompanied by four roundels in grisaille. The forgotten Tiepolo paintings would be re-discovered in December 1964 when a connoisseur from the Louvre museum identified them for what they were... priceless masterpieces.
"Allegory with Venus and Time" fresco by Tiepolo that adorned the Louis XVI blue salon ceiling, sold in 1969 by an insolvent Egyptian government to London's National Gallery for an alleged sum of 300,000 pounds sterling
Like his relations the Hirsch, Goldschmidts, Sassoons and Rothschilds, Louis Bischoffsheim was a director of a famous Jewish banking-house carrying his name. Together the above played a pivotal role in Egypt's precarious finances during Khedive Ismail's debt-mounting years.
Following Bischoffsheim's death, Bute House passed on to his daughter Amelia Catherine wife of Anglo-Irish nobleman Sir Maurice Fitzgerald. She lived there until 1925.
BUTE HOUSE BECOMES EGYPTIAN PROPERTY
Al Ahram of 4 December 1925 reports that the Egyptian government represented by the National Bank (al-Ahli) formerly acquired Bute House for 90,000 English Pounds. Henceforth, and up to this day, No. 75 South Audley Street is the official seat of the Egyptian embassy in London. It was the King's policy to purchase prime properties in major capitals, hence the imposing Egyptian embassy residences in Washington, Paris, Rome and Athens. Neither was it a coincidence that Egypt's first senior diplomatic representatives to Paris, London and Washington were all related by marriage to the monarch. If Washington's Seifullah Youssri and London's Abdel Aziz Izzet were married to the King's nieces, Mahmoud Fakhry Pasha in Paris was married to the king's eldest daughter.
According to contemporary press reports, the Izzets were reluctant residents at Bute House, its purchase having taken place against the pasha's personal recommendation. On 5 December 1925, while holidaying in Switzerland, Izzet Pasha (aged 52) had sent the following telegram to Egypt's foreign minister Ahmed Ziwer Pasha (1864-1945):
I am surprised to see from the London papers a statement that the Egyptian Government intends to purchase Bute House for housing the Egyptian Legation. I see that it is my duty to repeat my remarks about that house which I made to Your Excellency when we last met in London. In my opinion the locality is not fitting for the Legation. The price is very high, the building is old and in no way suitable for the purpose in view.
Soon enough, Bute House became the topic of intensive deliberation in Parliament when on 21 August 1926, a number of MPs grilled the incumbent foreign minister regarding Ziwer's unilateral action regarding the ill-fated purchase. Questions were also raised about costs, suitability and why the property was still in the name of three British aristocrats in lieu of the Kingdom of Egypt, especially since the National Bank of Egypt had already transferred the price in full. As it turned out this was a nominal circumvention of British Law which forbade foreign governments from owning British soil within the UK. Hence, the three English gentlemen were acting as temporary surrogates for the Egyptian government until the question of legal ownership could be resolved.
The heated debate took an entire parliamentary session. Luckily for him the former foreign minister was in one of Europe’s fashionable thermal centers at the time.
Despite his declared reservations, Izzet Pasha was faced with a fait accompli and Bute House became his office and residence for the next few years. It was during his tenure that the Egyptian government commissioned Fernand Billeney to reconstruct its interior using Holland, Hannen & Cubitt as prime contractors. Whereas the ground floor was refurbished English-style, the first floor was remarkably Louis XVI; an arrangement that perfectly suited Bute House's first Egyptian resident.
The First Egyptian resident of Bute House
Of Albanian descent, hence the appendage of "Arna-outy" to the Izzet surname, Aziz Abdallah Izzet Pasha (1869-1961), was the scion of a military family, his father and grandfather having both served as senior officers in Mohammed Ali's army. In fact, his grandfather was, for a time at least, head of the military. Hence, it came as no surprise that at age of 14, Azziz Izzet, already fluent in Arabic, Turkish and French, was shipped off to the United Kingdom for the dual purpose to learn English and later join the prestigious military academy of Woolwich.
It was during his stay at Cambridge, and later at Woolwich Military Academy, that Izzet frequented the scions of the British ruling class. And, on several occasions, came in direct contact with the future King George V, when the latter was still known as the Duke of York.
After spending almost 8 years in the United Kingdom, Izzet briefly joined the Egyptian army as a junior officer before being seconded to the Khedivial Palace as ADC to Egypt's then ruler Mohammed-Tewfik Pasha whom he diligently served until the Khedive's death in January 1892. By virtue of his closeness to Egypt's ruler, Izzet interacted with top Egyptian and foreign statesmen, officers, scholars and senior civil servants. Following the death of Tewfik Pasha, Izzet remained in the service of young Khedive Abbas Hilmi but this time as undersecretary at Foreign Affairs assisting the then foreign minister (also Chief Minister) Boutros Ghali Pasha. Izzet was on active duty the day Ghali was assassinated on 10 February 1910. Shortly thereafter, Izzet took leave from public service owing to some disagreement with the Khedive.
Although no longer a member of the government, Izzet remained indirectly tangled with policymaking, observing and commenting on shifting geo-political changes in the Nile River basin, particularly the Sudan, as well as in the fermenting Maghreb region, the Turko-Russo Crimean War and the concomitant uprisings against the Ottomans in nearby Cyrenaica, and Tripolitania. Izzet was instrumental in the corresponding fundraising efforts for the benefit of the Ottoman armies. On the home front Izzet was involved with the founding of the National Club becoming one of its early presidents.
At the outbreak of the Great War Izzet was holidaying in Germany, and it was some time before he miraculously relocated in neutral Switzerland. For the remainder of the War the Izzet family took up residence at Zurich's Baur au Lac Hotel. At the time, Switzerland was flooded with refugees and exiles including a contingency of Egyptian students unable to return to the motherland and to whom Izzet extended a helping hand. A handful of Egyptian royals were also stranded in Switzerland chief among them was Izzet's former employer Abbas Hilmi who was dethroned by the British in 1914 and replaced by his uncle Sultan Hussein Kamel. It is not apparent whether Izzet and Hilmi ever got together during their coincidental stay in the Helvetic Confederacy.
During Post War Egypt, Izzet volunteered back into the Egyptian civil service nominated in late 1923 as Egypt's first representative to the Court of St James with the title of Minister Plenipotentiary. Having spent his formative years in Great Britain, Izzet had direct access to persons of interest and policymakers both in and outside Whitehall many of whom had been colleagues at either Woolwich or Cambridge. This proved helpful when walking the precarious diplomatic tightrope separating Egypt's national desire for total independence led by the Zaghloulist "movement" and the prevailing British stranglehold over Egypt's political destiny. Izzet would much later briefly head Egypt's foreign service in 1935 and, following the death of King Fouad in 1936, join the Regency Council along with Crown Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik and Sherif Sabry Pasha (King Farouk's maternal uncle).
Successive Residents of Bute House
The next Egyptian resident minister plenipotentiary at Bute House was Doctor Hafez Affifi Pasha who assumed his responsibilities in July 1930. According to an 11 January 1937 council of ministers decree we learn that he received a salary of LE 3,000 per annum plus LE 5,000 in representation allowance. The same decree also allowed for a LE 2,000 provision for the purchase of new furniture.
In December 1934 Hassan Sabri Pasha replaced Doctor Hafez Afifi Pasha. Very much appreciated by the British, Sabri would later become Egypt's Prime Minister so that it would now be the turn of Hassan Nashat Pasha (1888-1969) to move into Bute House but this time as a full-fledged ambassador.
As founder of Egypt's pro-palace Unionist Party, Hassan Nashat Pasha was considered too close to the king for comfort. Through the machinations of subsequent Wafd governments that wanted him out of the picture, Nashat Pasha was given the choice of several foreign postings that took him to Tehran, Madrid and later to a bellicose Berlin.
Recently widowed Nashat Pasha spent most of his UK years a bachelor. It was only towards the end of his tenure that he married Australian-born Patricia May Marsh, thirty-two years his junior. Marsh was the niece of General Robert Priest, honorary physician to Queen Elizabeth (better known today as the Queen Mom).
What the London press termed "the society wedding of the season," was celebrated on 24 October 1944, officiated by Sheik Hafez Wahba, an Egyptian cleric who worked for the then-nascent Saudi diplomatic service.
The bridegroom's best man was exiled King Ahmed Zog of Albania; his wife Queen Geraldine Apponyi was matron of honour.
Having converted to Islam, Patricia May became Patricia-Zeinab. "Despite the war, everyone had a wonderful time!" she recalls 50 years later. "It was well known in London circles that Egypt's ambassador was a grand seigneur and lavish host. If rations and shortages characterized wartime England, Bute House never lacked good fare."
But Nashat Pasha's stay at Bute House was not all happy celebrations. Quite the contrary! At first the Egyptian ambassador was suspected of harbouring pro-Germanic sympathies. His detractors within the British establishment remarked he had gone bear-hunting in the woods outside Berlin with the Reichstag president, Herr Hermann Goering. Others resented the sleek Mercedes that Nashat Pasha drove proudly around London.
With time however, these and other reservations dissipated especially when Nashat Pasha repeatedly warned British cabinet members that Germany was preparing for an all-out war. Time proved him right.
Whereas in bubbling wartime Cairo, Sir Miles Lampson (later Baron Killearn; 1880-1964) and his much younger Italian bride Jacqueline Castellani made the most of the 1940-1941 Christmas season, his opposite number in London was prey to deadly air raids by Germany's Luftwaffe.
On the evening of 28 December 1940, at around 18:30, Bute House received a direct hit from the German Luftwaffe with considerable damage done to the embassy's facade and basement. Luckily for "the boys"--a reference by Nashat Pasha to his younger staff--it was after working hours and none of the diplomatic staff were in the chancery.
That day Nashat Pasha was weekending with his future in-laws at his Devonshire country house. It was therefore at 'Ferndale' that he learned from the Lady Almonder, head nurse of St. George's Hospital in London, that members of his embassy staff were in the emergency ward with serious injuries. The unlucky ones were some of the embassy's hired help: Miss Bonner the telephone operator, Miss Daisy the housemaid, and Sydney Lawrence the embassy's butler who had just completed 11 years of devoted service. Minor injuries were also sustained by the Isaac brothers; Egyptian Jews who served as embassy footmen.
Miss Bonner's bloody remains were found splattered all over the walls next to the telephone station. Ironically, she had once been engaged to a German. The war not only ended her idyllic courtship, but it eventually ended her life. December 28 was the last time she would chirp into the phone "Grosvenor 2401, ha-llo".
Daisy had worked at Bute House for 20 years. She took great pride in her job caring for the embassy's beautiful linen all of which were embroidered with "F" in honour of Kings Fouad and Farouk. Her other passion was reading novels. Up until December 29 she had shunned bomb shelters despite the ambassador's admonitions. In fact, this was the first time she heeded his recommendation and taken refuge in the embassy bunker. A fatal advice!
If parts of Bute House's basement were seriously damaged, the embassy's garage and six cars, including the prize Mercedes, an American Studebaker and the economical embassy Austin, were safe. Not as lucky was the embassy's well-stocked wine cellar. The house guards and firemen lost no time helping themselves to Nashat Pasha's prewar vintage. By the time the "all-clear" sounded, half of the rescuers were already drunk.
Restoring Bute House to its former state was no easy task for contractor Richard "Dicky" Thomas. This was the second time major works were done to the listed building since it became Egyptian government property.
Unable to operate in what was now an "out of combat" embassy, Nashat Pasha moved into a large suite at the neighbouring Dorchester Hotel where he remained for the next 13 months. He returned on 11 February 1942, in time for King Farouk's 22nd birthday celebrations. On that occasion the Royal Egyptian Embassy gave one of London's greatest wartime bashes.
Things would never be the same again at Bute House after Nashat Pasha's departure. Its greatest days were over. Henceforth it would become 'just another embassy'.
summer 1937: King Farouk at the Royal Egyptian Club off Curzon Street
Shortly after Bute House was purchased, the Egyptian government acquired from a Jewish banker part of a nearby block consisting of semi-detached town houses. Located at the corner of Chesterfield Gardens and Curzon Street, the property was set aside as the "Royal Egyptian Club", a place where resident and visiting Egyptians could meet, dine, debate and attend to private businesses.
Emulating contemporary local men-only clubs, No. 4 Chesterfield Gardens acquired over the years a wonderful library, objets d'art and considerable memorabilia courtesy of prominent Egyptians with strong connections to the UK.
The building also served as a London base for young Prince (later king) Farouk's brief 1936 passage in the UK during his last school year. With its wonderful halls and reception rooms the "Egyptian Club" hosted many cultural and academic events eventually becoming a fully-fledged Egyptian Cultural Centre reporting directly to the Ministry of Higher Education which oversees both its staff and budget.
Shortly after the Egyptian Embassy sold the Tiepolo fresco there was talk of selling No. 4 Chesterfield Gardens. This project although muted at the time, resurfaced over the years again. According to Ali Shamseldine, cultural counsellor in the early 1990s, titles and deeds to the property were hard to come by since no one knew which Egyptian administrative body held them.
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